发展低碳经济 建设低碳林业

在应对经济与环境的双重危机过程中,发展低碳经济成为推进人类可持续发展的重要共识。林业是发展低碳经济的重要力量,建设低碳林业是我国实现科学发展、建设生态文明、应对气候变化以及解决"三农"问题的重要途径。文中综述了低碳经济发展的理论基础与发展路径,分析了国内外低碳经济的发展现状与趋势,阐述了我国林业所面临的重要低碳发展机遇,指出中国林业应对气候变化的主要建设行动。     

Technical change in forest sector models: the global forest products model approach

Technical change is developing rapidly in some parts of the forest sector, especially in the pulp and paper industry where wood fiber is being substituted by waste paper. In forest sector models, the processing of wood and other input into products is frequently represented by activity analysis (input–output). In this context, technical change translates in changes over time of the input–output (I–O) coefficients and of the manufacturing cost (labor, capital, and materials, excluding wood and fiber). In the case of the global forest products model, the I–O coefficients and the manufacturing costs are determined empirically from historical data, while correcting for possible reporting errors. The method consists of goal programming. The objective function is the sum of the weighted absolute value of the deviations from estimated and observed production in each country of interest. The constraints express the relationship between the multiple output (sawnwood, panels, pulp, paper) and input (wood, waste paper, other fiber) and prior knowledge on the limits of the I–O coefficients. The paper presents observed technical changes from 1993 to 2010 and projections to 2030 with their consequences for the global forest sector in terms of prices, production and consumption, value added, and carbon sequestration in forest biomass.     

Forest soils and carbon sequestration

Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases with latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil C stock. Thus, degraded agricultural soils have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation of agricultural soils and management of forest plantations can enhance SOC stock through C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration, and the magnitude and quality of soil C stock depend on the complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species and management, and chemical composition of the litter as determined by the dominant tree species. Increasing production of forest biomass per se may not necessarily increase the SOC stocks. Fire, natural or managed, is an important perturbation that can affect soil C stock for a long period after the event. The soil C stock can be greatly enhanced by a careful site preparation, adequate soil drainage, growing species with a high NPP, applying N and micronutrients (Fe) as fertilizers or biosolids, and conserving soil and water resources. Climate change may also stimulate forest growth by enhancing availability of mineral N and through the CO₂ fertilization effect, which may partly compensate release of soil C in response to warming. There are significant advances in measurement of soil C stock and fluxes, and scaling of C stock from pedon/plot scale to regional and national scales. Soil C sequestration in boreal and temperate forests may be an important strategy to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry.     

Kebon tatangkalan: a disappearing agroforest in the Upper Citarum Watershed,West Java,Indonesia

A comprehensive study was carried out on a typical indigenous agroforestry system, called kebon tatangkalan, in the changing agricultural landscape of the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. The main objectives of the study are to elucidate the structural patterns, multidimensional functions, and dynamics of this multi-layered agroforest. The study has identified 12 groups of different plant assemblages indicating that this type of agroforest contributes considerably to the heterogeneity of the agricultural landscape in the study area. Multivariate analysis suggests that elevation and slope are the biophysical factors that correlate most significantly with the distribution of plant species in kebon tatangkalan. The presence of this man-made vegetation is currently declining from the landscape due to population growth and rapid regional economic development. Serious effort to revitalize this traditional agroforest is needed to prevent its disappearance. Introduction of highly productive species and establishment of integrated policies in regional land-use planning and management are measures that should be taken into account in preserving this traditional agroforestry system.     

工程变更项目造价决算探讨

分析了目前工程变更项目造价决算常采用方法的缺陷 ,并提出了要克服这种缺陷 ,最好在施工合同中要明确写入工程变更项目的决算要与投标报价保持同样优惠下降的条款 ,或者推行工程量清单招标。     

林火在空间上的波动性及其区域化行为

应用美国阿拉斯加州1950-2000年,加利福尼亚州1895-2001年及中国黑龙江省1980-1999年林火数据,分别计算出每年火灾发生的火场质心的经纬度坐标,用波谱分析研究其质心随年份的波动现象.结果表明:3个区域的林火的火场质心分别以一定的分布中心呈波动状态,其中火场质心在阿拉斯加州的分布中心为151.11°W、64.96°N,在加利福尼亚州的分布中心为120.02°W、37.11°N,在黑龙江省的分布中心为127.07°E、49.59°N.火场质心在美国阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州经度方向上均具有较强的周期性,阿拉斯加州的林火火场质心在经度方向的周期为4.2 a和6.25 a;加利福尼亚州的林火火场质心在经度方向上的波动周期为6.24 a和106 a.黑龙江省的林火火场质心在经纬度方向均具有较为明显的波动性,其周期为3.3 a和6.67 a.而阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州的林火火场质心在纬度方向上不具有周期性,林火发生以低频率的大面积火灾为主.     

Applied Behavior Analysis as a Development Tool: Examples from Agroforestry

ABSTRACT

Applied behavior analysis can be used by development practitioners to improve the design and implementation of development programs. Programs are most successful when the goals and consequences of change agents, strategists, and adopters align, as we demonstrate with real-world examples from international agroforestry projects. We focus on the role of change agents acting as intermediaries between change strategists, such as large development agencies, and development adopters, the rural farmers who implement agroforestry projects. We describe three aspects that are particularly important for agroforestry projects: (1) identifying the rules being used, (2) assessing the roles and reinforcement contingencies of both individuals and larger groups, and (3) being flexible and able to respond to rapid change.     

What is new about new forest owners? A typology of private forest ownership in Austria

With structural changes in agriculture, new types of forest owners have become increasingly important. This article develops an empirically-based typology of forest owners in Austria. Based on a representative survey and by means of cluster analysis, seven types of forest owners are identified. These types form a sequence, ranging from forest owners with a strong agricultural background to forest owners with no agricultural background at all. The latter exhibit markedly different behaviour in various respects, e.g. in their interest in forest-related information. The increasing number of ‘new’ forest owners raises important questions for forest policy, especially how policy instruments can reach these owners and how extension services can address them.     

常绿和落叶阔叶树叶中N和P的变化及转移

从叶完全展开到生长季结束对常绿阔叶树种铁冬青、红楠和海桐及落叶阔叶树种日本朴、银杏和木叶的N和P浓度进行了定期测定。结果表明,常绿阔叶树种新叶的N和P浓度从5—7月急剧下降,然后小幅波动,而老叶的N和P浓度变化缓慢。落叶阔叶树种的N和P浓度随着季节的推移而明显下降。大多数树种的P转移率大于N转移率。常绿阔叶树种的N和P的转移率大于落叶阔叶树种。     

印度黄檀适生性的气候因子研究

气候因素是影响印度黄檀生长的主导因素之一,对印度黄檀的造林气候适生性进行研究,结果表明:印度黄檀适于年平均气温20~27℃,极端最低气温0℃以上,极端最高气温39~43℃,年平均降水量600 mm以上的地区。印度黄檀适于云南干热河谷地区的荒山造林。